Potential renewable energy sources for kuwait

Potential sustainable power hotspots for kuwait Sustainable power source Potential Renewable Energy Sources for Kuwait Kuwaits answer for giving requirement to the present matrix limit and dependability is by investigating the different accessible choices of sustainable power source. A portion of the major inexhaustible types of vitality being used everywhere throughout the world incorporate sun powered, geothermal, wind and hydro vitality. In light of the countrys climatic conditions, the possible wellsprings of vitality accessible for Kuwait are as per the following. Sun based Energy A key wellspring of vitality that Kuwait could use is sun based vitality. Sun oriented vitality includes changing over the unreservedly accessible and copious daylight to electrical force. The nation encounters high temperatures and radiant days among June and September (Salam Mazrooei, 2007). Kuwait can along these lines easily support sun powered force creation all through the mid year. Sun oriented as a type of vitality can be taken a gander at from two edges: warm where sun powered vitality is utilized for warming and photovoltaic (PV) which includes sun powered vitality being utilized for power creation. The primary type of vitality includes changing over the warmth from the sun into power, which is utilized in homes for water warming and desalination. Use thusly would bring about much sparing as far as use on vitality. This type of vitality can be utilized to provide food for all family vitality needs. It can be utilized in road lighting just as in businesses for food creation. It requires little expense to set up and keep up a sun powered vitality framework in your home. Aside from this being a less expensive alternative, it is ecological agreeable in that it doesn't transmit any destructive gases. The subsequent choice of using daylight, photovoltaic, would require progressively complex framework set up. This choice is in truth getting looked at by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to be executed in Kuwait. Plans are in progress to put $3.6 billion in Kuwait alone to accomplish photovoltaic vitality in the nation (Alnaser 2008). Utilizing sun based vitality is relied upon to decrease the commitment of Kuwait to the universes discharge of Carbon Monoxide which as of now remains at about 0.2% (Alnaser, 2008). Alnaser (2008) has additionally contended that all inclusive, there has been a normal increment of 40% as far as the volumes of vitality created from sun based. There is still more opportunity to get better in light of the fact that the measure of vitality created in a solitary day is sufficient to support life for a considerable length of time. Sun based as a wellspring of vitality has a significant weakness in that it is helpless to interference and along these lines not steady (ABB, 2011). The flexibly might be low during the overcast and stormy days. The force delivered may subsequently not be proficient and dependable for basic uses, for example, underway businesses. Advances in innovation ought to anyway have the option to tackle this issue in future. An increasingly intricate framework that can store the sun powered vitality and giving the client the control of the units being devoured is being investigated. ABB (2011) has clarified how lithium-particle batteries can be incorporated with sun oriented vitality to give back up during low creation periods. Past endeavors by the Kuwait government to set out on sun powered vitality venture were defeated by dust storm and the overall huge measure of residue on potential tapping zones. The administration has now and again showed up not to be excessively excited to the thought as it â€Å"fails to give budgetary motivating forces to those ready to seek after such projects.† (Hashem, 2011). There is a recharged exertion by the countrys government to put resources into investigating the sun oriented vitality alternatives. As of late, the countrys Chamber of Commerce and Industry, (KCCI), uncovered an administration lead venture that would cost $120bn. The venture is to be actualized inside the following five years. It includes the administration holding onto sun oriented vitality as a component of its advancement plans. (Hashem, 2011). The administration has additionally demonstrated interests by banding together with different nations governments to actualize sun based activities everywhere throughout the nation. Fortune CT from UK and Toyota T Suchu Corporation from Japan are a portion of the universal organizations effectively taking an interest in implantation of sun powered vitality in various areas in Kuwait. Sunlight based vitality has little impact on the situations as not gases are produced. The expenses of procuring a nearby planetary group are additionally less expensive contrasted with geothermal and hydro. Keeping up the framework costs practically nothing as no fuel is utilized. Wind Energy Wind vitality includes using the quality of wind to move enormous treadmills which thus pivot to deliver power. Much the same as sun powered vitality, this type of vitality is sustainable and has little mischief to the earth. As of now, nations like Brazil are using this type of vitality ABB (2011). Brazil uses the seaward wind to created vitality which is then transmitted in the ordinary electrical cables for many kilometers. Nations with comparable climate designs including North African and other Middle East nations are executing wind power use. It is anticipated that in years to come, wind vitality will be utilized to create about 12% the worldwide vitality and in the process a noteworthy elective vitality source in the coming years (Alnaser, 2008). Kuwaits wind speed is over the 1400 every hour limit which is considered as the base breeze speed that can support financially reasonable breeze creation. Salam Mazrooei (2007) have noticed that as of late, Kuwait has been encountering speeding up. There has been a speed up to 0.21 ms-1 somewhere in the range of 1999 and 2004. The nation could take a gander at the positive side of this impact. Windmills could be set up at vital spots to help trap the breeze vitality and convert it to electrical vitality. Alnaser (2008) has anticipated that Kuwait would produce a lot of wind and sunlight based vitality continuously 2015. For Kuwait to accomplish this type of vitality, an intricate framework comprised of a few breeze turbines should be set up at vital regions. A perfect territory would be on the beach to exploit the ocean breeze basic in such places. The securing of these turbines just as setting up the plants will cost a considerable amount. The administration needs to along these lines give some subsidizing or offer impetus to private speculator who might be eager to attempt the endeavor. Wind plans have likewise been known to negatively affect the untamed life in the encompassing zone particularly the winged animals. The building destinations of wind power plants require a territory that is liberated from wind impediment. With structures worked the nation over, finding such a spot might be somewhat hard. Monetarily supportable creation of wind power requires that there be blustery conditions all through which may not generally be the situation. Geothermal vitality Geothermal vitality includes using the warmth on the ground to yield vitality. Kuwait has the capability of making geothermal vitality that is yet to be completely misused. Plans are in progress to build this choice of vitality age. The Kuwait government has given a thumbs up to temporary worker to build a water plant, Al-Zour North force plant that is relied upon to create around 4,800 megawatts of intensity (Izzak, 2010). The legislature is additionally intending to expand creation in existing plants by supplanting old frameworks with progressively productive ones. Izzak, (2010) has clarified that the legislature of Kuwait plans to supplant around 18 percent of the transformers as of now being utilized with progressively effective ones. Different Countries in the Middle East have additionally been playing with the possibility of geothermal vitality. In UAE for instance, Masdar, an expert situation protection organization has been conveying tests on the best way to actualize a geothermal venture in Abu Dhabi since 2009. The execution was required to begin following the testing. A significant set buck to geothermal vitality is that the procedure is somewhat costly to actualize when contrasted with executing sunlight based vitality. This is on the grounds that geothermal power age relies upon water; yet this water must be traversed desalination of seawater, which is an exorbitant procedure. Beginning set up of the plant is likewise expensive. Another issue is that Kuwait is very hot. Accomplishing the geothermal vitality requires some type of cooling. This cooling is very difficult to accomplish without transmitting destructive gases to the earth. The profundities at which the hot rocks are found fluctuate all around. Geologists need to do intensive examination to set up such realities and furthermore to assess whether such a task is financially practical in Kuwait. When a geothermal plant is fully operational, support and running expenses are moderately low. Hydroelectricity Hydroelectric force creations include enormous volumes of high weight water being utilized to turn huge turbines to deliver vitality. Kuwait encounters a low measure of precipitation with the normal being around 115 mm (Salam Mazrooei, 2007). The nation is commonly dry with barely any waterways. For the nation to support a practical degree of hydroelectric vitality creation, it must use different sources: fundamentally seawater. For this to occur, a fuel devouring procedure of salination must be done which may be costly to attempt. Much the same as the other previously mentioned choices, Hydro plant set up requires a great deal of assets to set up. Such an undertaking would along these lines require considerable subsidizing from either the administration or private area. This type of vitality would require working of dams. This would bring about meddling with the untamed life existing in the waterways just as the encompassing territory. Bio Fuel Another potential wellspring of sustainable power source is bio fuel. This is a sort of fuel that is acquired from biomass. The vitality created can be utilized for warming and lighting in the rustic territories. It tends to be additionally utilized for cooking at both rustic and urban setting. Bio Fuel vitality offers the main option in contrast to petroleum product as an inexhaustible carbon based wellspring of fuel that exist is noteworthy amount (Klass, 2004). Klass, (2004) has contended that

A report on the Cultural Afternoon held at the IPBA’s auditorium Free Essays

Keep going Thursday on the July 24th, 2003, a Cultural Afternoon was being held at the IPBA’s hall. It was composed by the MTCP members and the B. Ed. We will compose a custom paper test on A report on the Cultural Afternoon held at the IPBA’s amphitheater or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now TESL companion 1 understudies. The topic for the Cultural Afternoon is Unity In Diversity. Solidarity In Diversity is a sonnet composed by the MLCP member from Papua New Guinea. The evening was led by two of the B. Ed. TESL understudies. They led the occasion well indeed. From that point onward, Mr. Mahmud from Turkey was called upon to discuss a supplication. After he had wrapped up the petition, the occasion proceeded with the principal execution by the B. Ed. TESL understudies. They introduced an assemblage of the Malay Traditional Dance. The move was arranged wonderfully and the artists moved nimbly. The unique thing about this social evening was the manner in which the coordinator changed the conductors. The following conductors were the members from Tunisia and Gambia. The manner in which they led the evening was exceptionally fascinating. After they had presented themselves, they called upon members from Krygystan, Miss Ainur. She sang a tune called Mahabbad, which means love. Despite the fact that the crowd couldn't get her, yet the message of the melody were well deciphered. At that point, all the MTCP members were invited to join the conductors on the phase to presented themselves. All the members were presenting themselves with various ways. Some of them made a few jokes, holding their conventional banner, etc. There were 26 members that day who has originated from various nations, for example, Zimbabwe, Croatia, Tunisia, Gambia, Bosnia, Thailand and different nations. From that point forward, Mr. Bernard from Bosnia introduced his presentation by singing a tune utilizing his own language. Followed by named and Ameir from Bosnia. They appeared and clarified about a banner of the Bosnian Movie, which had won oscars grant 2000/2. The film title is ‘No Man’s Land’ has won the honor for Best Foreign Language. From that point forward, they sang a Bosnian people melody. Subsequent to changing conductors by and by, B. Ed. TESL understudies played out their Kung Fu exhibitions. After the Kung Fu appear, a member from Turkey sang an awesome tune. The crowds gave her huge applauds in light of the fact that she had sang the tune well even without the mood melodies. All the crowds had given full consideration on the phase to see the customary outfits appear from different nations. All the members wore their own conventional outfits and did a few clarifications on the ensembles. Subsequent to viewing the vivid style appear, the crowds were exceptionally shocked to watch the Indian move that was driven by our B. Ed. TESL understudy, Danielli Devi. The move was uproariously joyful with fiery artists and well known Bollywood tune played. From that point forward, the Cultural Afternoon proceeded with the exhibitions by the MTCP members. The members from Sri Lanka sang a melody. The melody likewise an adoration tune. From that point onward, the East Timur member did a conventional move. She wore her customary ensembles and a gong. She thumped the gong utilizing a few rhymes and afterward moved followed the rhyme. It was far not quite the same as other MTCP participant’s exhibitions. From that point onward, a member from Turkey likewise sang an adoration tune. Another intriguing presentation was from the Thailand members. They appeared and trained us the correct path in welcome. Their exhibition is very helpful for us. From that point forward, the Cambodian members moved when their tune was played. Next execution was from Gambia. He sang his national hymn. The crowds ascended to show regard. The most holding up execution was Para-para Sakura Dance. The B. ED. TESL understudies played out this move. They moved effortlessly with many astounding advances. The artists were vivacious and boisterously cheerful with their red and pink outfits. All the crowds felt revive subsequent to watching this fiery move. In conclusion, before the Cultural Afternoon finished, the member from Papua New Guinea discussed her sonnet entitled ‘Unity In Diversity’. She all around composed the sonnet. The occasion finished when the conductors pronounced it was shut. The most effective method to refer to A report on the Cultural Afternoon held at the IPBA’s amphitheater, Papers

Campus Visits Bring Em On!

Campus Visits… Bring Em’ On! If Im not mistaken this is the time of year when you begin in earnest to think about where to apply for college. For some of you it means going through the mountains of mail that various schools have been so gracious to send you. I know that most of you will put it all in a big box glance at the material once, then place it all by the curb to be recycled. Why do we send you all of that stuff? Good question. The answer is that we hope youll like enough of what you see to want to apply for admission or at least want to come for a visit. So, you go through the box, pull out 10 schools that seem promising what do you do next? Go visit if you can, silly! This entry will focus on the dos and donts of a fall visit to a college or university that you are interested in attending. Rules of Engagement Do not let the cost of tuition dictate where you visit or where you apply. At this point you should not care how much a school costs. You are in the process of determining where to apply at this point.The only way to know that you cant afford a school is after youve applied, have been accepted and you have applied for and received your financial aid award. Until all of that has happened, you have no idea what you can afford. Choose wisely, because time is money. Given your course load and extra-curriculars do you really think that youll have the time to visit 10 schools? Choose wisely, because money is money. Visiting colleges can be an expensive proposition. Make sure that you are going to a place that you are REALLY, REALLY interested in attending. Whenever possible, attend an official campus preview. Most will take place during one of the many fall federal holidays. If money is a concern, contact the college that you are interested in visiting to see if they offer subsidized visitation programs. Before you ask, MIT does not. sorry :-( Do your homework. Learn as much about the the place that you plan to attend. Know when the information sessions and campus tours are given, then plan your day around those two activities. Did I mention that you should attend the information session and campus tour? P.S. WEAR COMFORTABLE SHOES! All tours are walking tours and many can last as long as 90 minutes even in the driving rain. Ask if it is possible to have lunch with a current student. If yes, ask to eat at the most popular student hangout. Traveling as a family can be stressful. Agree ahead of time what you will do together and what you will do separately. This will keep all involved sane. Here are a few examples: Together Campus Tours, Campus Information Sessions, Financial Aid Sessions. Go it alone at some point during the visit. You need to know if the the place that you are visiting is where you want to spend the next 4 years of your life. Go to the place were students congregate and just hang out. Check the vibe. See if it is your kind of place. Parents: while your child is off discovering the campus, you should use that time to visit places of interest to you. Go to Campus Safety and find out how that institution plans to keep your baby out of harms way; check out the banking facilities, check to see which cell phone providers offer the plans an coverage in that area; eat a meal in one of the campus dining facilities; travel as the students do to see how far of a walk the dormitories, class rooms and other campus hot spots are from each other. Get off the beaten path. Visit the Office of Minority Affairs and find out first hand what kinds of activities and cultural events are available to students; Visit the student center to see what kinds of clubs are offered. If possible, pick one and attend their meeting. Visit the town surrounding the College. Depending on the location of the school, it may be an extension of the university. Go visit your intended major/department. Again, plan ahead and see if you can meet with a professor. Randomly walk up to students and ask their opinion of the place that you are visiting. Ive found that students will always be candid with you. (There is one caveat: every student hates his or her school during mid-term and finals week!) If you are adventurous, plan an individualized visit. Many schools (including MIT) have overnight visiting programs that are designed to give you a first hand view of the college by having you stay overnight with a current undergraduate student. What better way to lean about a college? Take notes! There is no way that you are going to remember everything, especially if you visit multiple schools. If your parents accompany you to the visit ask them to also take notes so that you can compare on the trip home. Remember, if you ask your parents to take notes, you have to listen to what they have to say. Be sure to give clear directives about the things that are important to you. Use that as a basis for note-taking guidelines. If you went it alone, notes can helpful in conveying your experience to you parents, guidance counselor, etc. when you return home. Above all else, come late October and you trying to remember why you wanted to apply early to a school in the first place. While on Campus, here are 9(ish) questions to ask: What are weekends like? What is the Financial Aid process. What are the deadlines? Are you need-based or merit-based? What kinds of scholarships are available to me? Does work study mean that Ill get a hair-net spoon for the food line a campus dining? How much is the average financial aid award? How much of that is covered by loans? What is your overall retention rate? What is the retention rate for minority students? What kind of services do you offer students in making the transition from HS to college? Be sure that you get an answer that covers both academic and socialscenarios. Do you offer the academic program that Im interested in? What other majors fit my study interests? (This is very important for Pre-Med, Pre-Law Pre-Vet as most colleges do not have any pre- majors) Are there any rules or guidelines that are unique to your college application process? For example, MIT strongly encourages Educational Counselor interviews; and West Point requires a letter of recommendation from a US Senator. Are there any rules or guidelines that are unique to your college? For example, The University of Virginia has a very strict honor code and at MIT even if you major in Music and Theater Arts you still receive a bachelors of Science degree upon graduation. Whom should I contact if I have more questions? Give this a try and let me know how it worked out for you. Did I leave something out? Drop me a line and let me know. (This means you too, parents!) Enough from me. Let me know what you think!

Cultural Competency in Nursing - 944 Words

Running head: Cultural competency Cultural Competency in Nursing Practice Diana Oestreich The College of St. Scholastica Culturally Competent Care The nursing profession continues to walk towards excellence in cultural competent delivery of current healthcare needs. In the pursuit of excellence and the love of learning, there are always improvements to be made. Continuing education requirements are the backbone of building nurses into life long learners. Identifying personal areas of growth are an effective mode of continuing to add to existing nursing skills. In this paper, I will identify areas of improvement that I would like to make†¦show more content†¦The average patient may not glean much information from the standard written hand out they receive for health education. I observed a Chinese cardiologist with an accent that was undecipherable, draw a patient a picture of the hearts electrical conduction system. Instantly, this wary patient was totally on board with the physician burning a part of his heart during the heart ablation. The picture spoke a thousand words to this patient. Now, tell how you will attempt to learn more about intervening when other staff exhibit inappropriate behaviors culturally. Also address another area of need, learning key words and colloquialisms of another language. -0.75 point. In conclusion, cultural competency is a continually evolving skill as nurses continue to practice in a society that is always changing. Completing a self assessment tool was a valuable experience. Unlike traditional continuing education requirements, this self assessment allowed me to identify my individual cultural competency strengths and weaknesses. I have committed to two practical goals to build up my cultural competent care giving. Intervening when I observe culturally insensitive behavior from other staff will be my first goal. Secondly, developing and integrating diagrams into patient education will increase effective communication cross culturally. Maintaining cultural competency is one of theShow MoreRelatedCultural Competency For A Nursing1619 Words   |  7 PagesCultural competency is extremely indispensable in nursing practice so that nurses can provide optimal care for patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, insufficient knowledge and skills of cul tural competency has continued to increase racial and ethnic inequalities in healthcare services especially for minority groups (Dunagan et al. 2013; Long, 2012). As Nurses interact with clients they provide care, education and advocacy at any point in need. Cultural awareness provides the basesRead MoreCultural Competency in Nursing Care1697 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Competency in Nursing Care Dorcas Jacobs Grand Canyon University: NRS 429V Family Centered Health Promotion September 29, 2013 Cultural Competency in Nursing Care As the United States becomes more and more culturally diverse one cannot help but be exposed to various cultures and worldviews. America has long been called the melting pot, and that term has never been truer than it is today. According to Green and Reinckens (2013) the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that by the year 2041Read MoreCultural Competency and Cultural Humility in Nursing Practice1545 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Competency and Cultural Humility in Nursing Practice Lisa Watson UMASS Boston Online Professional Issues in Nursing NU 360 Ms. Carol Moran November 08, 2012 Abstract You may not like how the Presidential election turned out, but the victory of the Democrats was won partly by focusing on going after the Hispanic vote. The Hispanic population who voted for President Obama put him over the top to win. Hispanics identified with Obama. Somehow, he made a connection with thisRead MoreEnd Of Life Care -nursing Cultural Competency1783 Words   |  8 Pages End of Life Care -Nursing Cultural Competency Mary C. Morrissey Denver School of Nursing â€Æ' Abstract The abstract title should appear in uppercase and lowercase letters, centered at the top of the page. The abstract is left justified as the rest of the paper. An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article, accurate, nonevaluative, coherent and readable, and concise. An abstract is only 150 to 250 words in length. â€Æ' Title of the Paper in Twelve Words or Less AmericaRead MoreReview For Enhancing Cultural Competency1559 Words   |  7 PagesOF REVIEW FOR ENHANCING CULTURAL COMPETENCY IN NEW NURSING GRADUATES Cultural competency is an indispensable in nursing practice so that nurses can deliver optimal care for patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, insufficient knowledge and skills of cultural competency have continued to increase racial and ethnic inequalities in health care service for minority groups (Dunagan et al. 2013; Long, 2012). As nurses interact with clients they provide nursing care, education and advocacyRead MoreHolistic Nursing Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesHolistic assessments in nursing provide a unique quality of care to the individual patient. Holism in the provision of care includes assessments obtaining data about the physiological, psychological, sociological, spiritual, developmental, cultural and environmental aspects. It is imperative that the nurse conducting these assessments adopts methods in the nursing process that reflects the standards outlined in Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council National Competency Standards for the RegisteredRe ad MoreEssay on Cultural Competence and Intercultural Communication1673 Words   |  7 Pagesintercultural communication. The transaction process of listening and responding to people from different cultural backgrounds can be challenging. The greater the difference in culture between two people, the greater the potential of misunderstanding and mistrust. Misunderstanding and miscommunication occur between people from different cultures because of different coding rules and cultural norms, which play a major role in shaping the patterns of interaction (Jandt, 2012). When oneRead MoreMy Identity As A New Zealand Nurse Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesZealand Nurse Today’s New Zealand society is commonly described as bi-cultural or multi-cultural according to the Treaty of Waitangi-based social structure and immigrants from all over the world. The increasing mobility and diversity of society have proposed the holistic and culturally competent caring concept for professional nurses (Ryan, Carlton Ali, 2000). Meanwhile, based on my ethno-cultural identity, my philosophy of nursing would be defined as that caring individuals within holistic and transculturalRead MoreFunction Of The Australian Nursing And Midwifery Council1382 Words   |  6 Pagesaptitude to be able to function efficiently. In the field of nursing, considered as a caring profession, it is but imperative that the person practicing it should be equipped with the right knowledge, right skills and right attitude to be able to deliver safe and quality care to his or her clientele. In today’s society, competent performance is highly anticipated, especially among health c are professionals. In nursing, O’Shea defined competency as â€Å"the knowledge, skills, ability and behaviours that aRead MoreNursing Theory : Transcultural Nursing Theories1168 Words   |  5 Pages Nursing Theory: Transcultural Nursing Theory Raymonde Alphonse Miami Dade College Nursing Theory: Transcultural Nursing Theory General Perspective to the Nurse, the Patient, the Environment, Health, Illness, and Wellness Transcultural nursing theory by Madeleine Leininger has general perspectives to the nurse, patient, environment, health, illness, and wellness. According to the caregivers, transcultural nursing theory by Madeleine Leininger is one of the most effective philosophies on

Essay about British Romanticism - 1831 Words

Even today, man finds himself asking, What is beautiful? Many would point to nature when prompted with such a question; however, few realize that a similar question was posed and a similar answer given back in Romantic Great Britain, but to a whole new degree. British Romanticism was a reaction against technology as well as a cry to turn back to the beauty of nature, and its advocating troops held no more than a pen and paper in hand (Lorcher). Authors of the Romantic era used literature to open the eyes of a society bogged down by the chaos and clutter of everyday life, and the ideas that they promoted still affect man to this very day. The Romantic Movement spans approximately from 1783 to 1832 (Bernbaum). This was a time of†¦show more content†¦a change from a mechanical conception of the world to an enthusiastic religion of nature, from rational virtue to emotional sensibility, from ... egoism to humanitarian benevolence, from realism to optimism, from acceptance of things as they are to faith in progress, from contentment with urban civilization to sentimental primitivism. (Bush 43) Romantics protested strongly to the contemporary evils of their time, such as poverty and warfare (Bernbaum xxvii). They believed that such atrocities existed because there were still men in the world motivated by greed and pride. But they did not let this knowledge force them into a state of despondency; instead, they looked forward to the future, when such things might improve (Bernbaum). Romantics hoped that one day mans imagination would awaken and life could be what it was meant to be: free, natural, beautiful, and humane (Bernbaum xxvii). This desire for a natural life came from the Romantics love and admiration of nature. To him, nature was emotionally expressive and the only real source of peace (Lorcher). Romantics discovered truth, virtue, and beauty not by routine examination, but by moments of inspiration in which they could see something for what it truly was (Bernbaum). They did not experience such inspiration by focusing on the exterior, the everyday affairs of m undane life; instead, they focused on the interior (Bernbaum). This is why mans imaginationShow MoreRelatedDifference Between Romanticism And Transendinlalism In American And British Writers1584 Words   |  7 PagesWhich characterized Transendinlalism very differently from that of Romanticism. The difference of Transendinlalism was that it was a literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. However, the Romantics thought differently because they that, that romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement originating in EuropeRead MoreMehar Hashmi . British Literature: Romanticism To Present1354 Words   |  6 PagesMehar Hashmi British Literature: Romanticism to Present Professor Duncan Hasell May 4, 2017 Great Expectations of Being Earnest In a class-based society, where your class will determine the rest of your life and who you will marry, what is better to improve in social class, hence improving all aspects of your life but at the price of sacrificing your moral code and ethics towards the people that are there for you and love you or to be honest, gentle, loyal, and respectfully to everyone aroundRead MoreDifference Between Romanticism and Transendinlalism in American and British Writers1616 Words   |  7 PagesDifference Between Romanticism and Transendinlalism in American and British Writers The expression Romantic gained currency during its own time, roughly 1780-1850. However, the Romantic era is to identify a period in which certain ideas and attitudes arose, gained the idea of intellectual achievement and became dominant. This is why , they became the dominant mode of expression. Which tells us something else about the Romantic era which expression was perhaps everything to do withRead MoreEssay on How Romanticism Changed Societys Way of Thinking922 Words   |  4 PagesTo understand how Romanticism changed the way society thought, you must first understand the meanings and reason behind the movement. The Romantic Movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was described as a movement in the history of culture, an aesthetic style, and an attitude of mind. (Fiero) Romanticism provided expression of their thoughts and ideas toward their own societies, which was in effect predominantly in Europe and in the United States. The movement was a reaction to the EnlightenmentRead MoreEssay about Romanticism1678 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism, Romanticism, in a way, was a reaction against rigid Classicism, Rationalism, and Deism of the eighteenth century. Strongest in application between 1800 and 1850, the Romantic Movement differed from country to country and from romanticist to romanticist. Because it emphasized change it was an atmosphere in which events occurred and came to affect not only the way humans thought and expressed them, but also the way they lived socially and politically (Abrams, M.H. Pg. 13). â€Å"RomanticismRead MoreRomanticism Essay833 Words   |  4 PagesRomanticism Soaked in sweat, I finally finished a mile run around the neighborhood. While grasping for air, my neighbor Kayla must have noticed that I took my daily run. She decided to bring me a bottle of water and converse a little while. One of the things we discuss was how I have been up multiple nights reading for all four of my classes that I have been taking this semester. Kayla was very shocked that I decided to enroll in British literature knowing that I strongly dislike the language differenceRead MoreThe Old Nurse s Story1329 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth Gaskell and her stories, the story titled, â€Å"The Old Nurse s Story†, serves as the perfect example of the Gothic elements that were very popular in many authors stories and poems during this period of time. During this time of British literature, Romanticism and Gothic elements were the two main strategic ways of writing and how the audience read and perceived the stories being told. The Gothic element of writing consist ed of dark, gloomy and ghostly literature that brought a haunted feelRead MoreRomanticism1649 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism in the Nineteenth Century The Romantic period followed the era of logical, philosophical, and social movement in the 17th to 18th century. However, as the 19th century began, Romanticism came into the light with a new perspective that intrigued the people. It stressed emphasis on emotions and imagination while also helping to realize the importance of self-expression. The American Romanticism movement illustrated inspiration, bias and predominance of individuals in the nineteenth centuryRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth and his not so Spontaneous Overflow of Powerful Changes in â€Å"I wandered lonely as1600 Words   |  7 Pagesreflection and imagination. His revised version of â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud† should be considered the authoritative version as it is a better and more vivid description of the scene of daffodils and reflects the literary movement at the time, i.e. Romanticism. The changes are strongly influenced by the Romantic period in which he revised the poem. Wordsworth didn’ t feel he portrayed his memory of the daffodils successfully in the first version and felt the need to make two changes and also to add anRead MoreThe Rime Of The Ancient Mariner878 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Mariner. This collection is widely recognized as the initiation of the shift towards modern poetry and British Romantic literature. Although the poem’s deliberate use of antiquated language differed from romantic poetry’s use of modern language of the time, it is still considered influential within the romanticism movement (Green). The poem’s influence in British Romanticism affected later authors and other works, including Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley. Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born

The Production Process of M Free Essays

Raw Materials MMs’ have two main components, hardened liquid chocolate and the hard candy shell. Liquid chocolate comes from a blend of whole milk, cocoa butter, sugar, and chocolate liquor, among other ingredients. The candy shell is made from a blend of sugar and corn syrup. We will write a custom essay sample on The Production Process of M or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Production Process 1 The liquid chocolate is poured into tiny molds to create the chocolate centers of the candy. 2 After the candies are formed, they are â€Å"tumbled† to make the chocolate center smooth and rounded. Then they are allowed to harden. 3 When the chocolates are hard, they are transported via conveyor belt to the coating area, where the process called panning is performed. 4 During panning, the chocolates are rotated in large containers as liquid candy made of sugar and corn syrup is sprayed onto them. 5 The color is added to a finishing syrup and applied as the final coat. Each batch is a different color. The liquid candy dries into the hardened shell. The single-colored batches are combined into the mixtures of red, yellow, blue, green, brown, and orange. They are then transported to the machine that stamps the â€Å"m† on the shells. 7 A special packaging machine weighs the candies, pours the proper amount into individual bags, and heat-seals the package. 8 The finished packages are moved along a conveyor belt to a machine that assembles the shipping cartons and fills them with the appropriate number of candy packages. The machine also seals the cartons shut. How to cite The Production Process of M, Essay examples

Motivation Essays - Motivation, Human Resource Management, Incentive

Motivation Motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort's ability to satisfy some individual needs (Robbins, 168). For some business analysts, employee motivation is a good way to increase productivity in an organization. When people get motivated, they will have a reason to put more efforts on what they are doing. Motivation is a crucial management tool in lifting the organization's work force's ability. There are many different ways to motivate employees. Employers can motivate their workers as individuals, groups, teams, or the organization as a whole. Motivation takes forms like offering rewards, improving working conditions, or employee recognition. However, which approach should employers try? Team-based reward systems have been raised as an issue in work management areas. Many people prefer team-based reward systems to an individual approach. San Diego Business Journal, issued on Oct. 6, 1997, published an article titled "Team-Based Productivity Incentive System." This article summarized the ideas that supported the team-based approach. The author, Bob Harrington, opposed the individual reward system. As he stated, individual reward systems create unnecessary competition and reduce cooperation between employees. It also reduces creativity because employees will only do what is necessary to get rewarded. Moreover, Harrington said team-based incentives influence individuals to work well together and cooperate with one another. No longer are employees and management measured purely against financial information. Instead, outstanding performance is based on a combination of items that measure the strategic objectives of the corporation. This paper will see if the team-based i ncentive systems are the best approach for business environments as Harrington discussed. Medical insurance and educational opportunities, among others are all common benefits in compensation programs for many manufacturers. Many people argued that these benefits attract and retain employees, but have little to do with work performance. Some also believe that if these benefits are spread out among workers in general, these kinds of work incentives will not guarantee good performance. Well Pay vs. Sick Pay is an example of how an incentive program reinforces wrong behavior and reduces productivity. Manufacturers with incentive systems that reward employees for achievements and growth can increase their competitiveness and profitability in today's global market. Yes, it is true that organizations need to have incentive systems to satisfy their work force. Team-based incentive systems such as gain sharing, profit sharing, etc., become increasingly popular in work environments. People now are required to work as a team, and altogether help each other to achieve an objective. Your work is my work, and your responsibility is mine. People will become more cohesive as working in a group or a team. Team-based incentives offer several advantages. However, I do not totally agree with Harrington that individual incentive systems do not have any good influence over workers' performance. Some people are extremely successful when they work on their own. People, who are raised in an individualistic culture, might not benefit from working in a group. So, individual incentive systems do play an important role in increasing a work force's productivity as long as the employers know how to use this reinforcement system properly. If organizations set a standard to measure individual achievement and reward that individual on what he (she) perform, then, the individual incentive system might work as well as the team-based one. Moreover, managers need to realize that team-based incentive systems might cause Social Loafing effect in the work force - the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually (Robbins, 260). Motivations are necessary in a working environment to increase the productivity of the work force. Reward systems must create a win-win situation for employees and employers. Team-based incentive systems might work very well and are a preferred process for many organizations in today's work market; however, managers should adopt individual incentive systems in many cases, when employees are more skillful, efficient, and effective as working individually. The major purpose of the incentive system is to motivate and organize employees.

Understanding the Dual Court System

Understanding the Dual Court System A â€Å"dual court system† is a judicial structure employing two independent court systems, one operating at the local level and the other at the national level. The United States and Australia have the world’s longest-running dual court systems. Under the United States’ system of power-sharing known as â€Å"federalism,† the nation’s dual court system is composed of two separately operating systems: the federal courts and the state courts. In each case, the court systems or judicial branches operate independently from the executive and legislative branches. Why the US Has a Dual Court System Rather than evolving or â€Å"growing into† one, the United States has always had a dual court system. Even before the Constitutional Convention convened in 1787, each of the original Thirteen Colonies had its own court system loosely based on English laws and judicial practices most familiar to colonial leaders. In striving to create the system of checks and balances through separation of powers that is now arguably considered their best idea, the framers of the U.S. Constitution sought to create a judicial branch that would have no more power than either the executive or legislative branches. To achieve this balance, the framers limited the jurisdiction or power of the federal courts, while maintaining the integrity of the state and local courts. Jurisdiction of Federal Courts A court system’s â€Å"jurisdiction† describes the types of cases it is constitutionally allowed to consider. In general, the federal courts’ jurisdiction includes cases dealing in some way with federal laws enacted by Congress and interpretation and application of the U.S. Constitution. The federal courts also deal with cases whose outcomes may impact multiple states, involve interstate crime and major crimes like human trafficking, drug smuggling, or counterfeiting. Also, the â€Å"original jurisdiction† of the U.S. Supreme Court allows the Court to settle cases involving disputes between states, disputes between foreign countries or foreign citizens and U.S. states or citizens. While the federal judicial branch operates separately from the executive and legislative branches, it must often work with them when required by the Constitution. Congress passes federal laws which must be signed by the President of the United States. The federal courts determine the constitutionality of federal laws and resolve disputes over how federal laws are enforced. However, the federal courts depend on the executive branch agencies to enforce their decisions. Jurisdiction of the State Courts The state courts deal with cases not falling under the jurisdiction of the federal courts- for example, cases involving family law (divorce, child custody, etc.), contract law, probate disputes, lawsuits involving parties located in the same state, as well as almost all violations of state and local laws. As implemented in the United States, the dual federal/state court systems give the state and local courts leeway to â€Å"individualize† their procedures, legal interpretations, and decisions to best fit the needs of the communities they serve. For example, large cities may need to reduce murders and gang violence, while small rural towns may need to deal with theft, burglary, and minor drug violations. About 90% of all cases dealt with in the U.S. court system are heard in the state courts. Operational Structure of the Federal Court System The US Supreme Court As created by Article III of the U.S. Constitution, the U.S. Supreme Court stands as the highest court in the United States. The Constitution merely created the Supreme Court, while assigning the task of passing federal laws and creating a system of lower federal courts. Congress has responded over the years to create the current federal court system made up of 13 courts of appeals and 94 district level trial courts sitting below the Supreme Court. Federal Courts of Appeals The U.S. Courts of Appeals is made up of 13 appellate courts located within the 94 federal judicial districts. The appeals courts decide whether or not federal laws were correctly interpreted and applied by the district trial courts under them. Each appeals court has three presidentially-appointed judges, and no juries are used. Disputed decisions of the appeals courts can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Federal Bankruptcy Appellate Panels Operating in five of the 12 regional federal judicial circuits, the Bankruptcy Appellate Panels (BAPs) are 3-judge panels authorized to hear appeals to decisions of bankruptcy courts BAPs are currently located in the First, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Circuits. Federal District Trial Courts The 94 district trial courts making up the system of U.S. District Courts do what most people think courts do. They call juries that weigh evidence, testimony, and arguments, and apply legal principles to decide who is right and who is wrong. Each district trial court has one presidentially-appointed district judge. The district judge is assisted in preparing cases for trial by one or more magistrate judge, who may also conduct trials in misdemeanor cases. Each state and the District of Columbia have at least one federal district court, with a U.S. bankruptcy court operating under it. The U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands each have a federal district court and a bankruptcy court. Purpose of the Bankruptcy Courts The federal bankruptcy courts have exclusive jurisdiction to hear cases involving business, personal, and farm bankruptcy. The bankruptcy process allows individuals or business that cannot pay their debts to seek a court-supervised program to either liquidate their remaining assets or reorganize their operations as needed to pay off all or part of their debt. The state courts are not allowed to hear bankruptcy cases. Special Federal Courts The federal court system also has two special-purpose trial courts: The U.S. Court of International Trade deals with cases involving U.S. customs laws and international trade disputes. The U.S. Court of Federal Claims decides claims for monetary damages filed against the U.S. government. Military Courts Military courts are completely independently from state and federal courts and operate by their own rules of procedure and applicable laws as detailed in the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Structure of the State Court System While more limited in scope the basic structure and function of the state court system closely resembling that of the federal court system. State Supreme Courts Each state has a State Supreme Court which reviews the decisions of the state trial and appeals courts for compliance with the state’s laws and constitution. Not all states call their highest court the â€Å"Supreme Court.† For example, New York calls its highest court the New York Court of Appeals. Decisions of the State Supreme Courts can be appealed directly to the U.S. Supreme Court under the Supreme Court’s â€Å"original jurisdiction.† State Courts of Appeals Each state maintains a system of localized appeals courts that hear appeals from the decisions of the state trial courts. State Circuit Courts Each state also maintains geographically dispersed circuit courts that hear civil and criminal cases. Most state judicial circuits also have special courts that hear cases involving family and juvenile law. Municipal Courts Finally, most charted cities and towns in each state maintain municipal courts that hear cases involving violations of city ordinances, traffic violations, parking violations, and other misdemeanors. Some municipal courts also have limited jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving things like unpaid utility bills and local taxes.

Strategically Managing PPC Campaigns in Adwords [PODCAST]

Strategically Managing PPC Campaigns in Adwords [PODCAST] When your potential customers are looking for your product or service, how do you think they find it? Right, they usually start with Google. In order for them to find you, you need to show up in those search results. Have you wondered how to do that? Today, we’re talking to ’s own Rachel Wiinanen, our inbound marketer. She works a lot with AdWords, creating ads that will lead to click-throughs and lead to conversion. Today she’s going to tell us all about targeting the right keywords, writing engaging messaging, and optimizing your landing pages. She’ll also talk to us about what metrics to measure and share her thoughts on budgeting and goal-setting. You won’t want to miss this episode! Some of the highlights of the show include: Rachel’s job description and mission at . Rachel’s strategy for attracting the right audience through AdWords. Thoughts on writing great ad copy that gets clicks, as well as why testing is so important. How Rachel works with landing pages to boost the conversion rate. What Rachel measures when analyzing campaigns: trial acquisition cost, click-through rate, and more. She also talks about how she monitors various metrics. How to determine a budget when it comes to ads. Rachel’s best advice for someone who is new to AdWords and is just getting started. Quotes by Rachel: â€Å"Nothing is perfect, just test away. Test, test, test. There have been tons of times where I didn’t think an ad would perform very well and then outperforms other comparable ads by double.† â€Å"Things are always going to change. You’re always going to want to get more specific, more focused, more precise.† â€Å"My best advice for someone who’s new to AdWords would be don’t be afraid to test new things.†

Personal Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Essays - Essay Example A community draws strength from its environment. I am passionate about the environment, and its contribution to the betterment of my community. I have served as a volunteer with the Central Oregon Trail Alliance, the Friends of the Deschutes River, and the Smith Rock Parks, getting down to the basics: cleaning, picking up and digging! With Girls On The Run, I have passed on my love for running, as the path to empowerment and self-confidence, to other girls. Living in harmony with nature, and testing the limits of one’s physical and mental endurance, is my way to an inclusive, caring community. My love for traveling, which has taken me to twenty-two countries, has made me appreciate diverse cultures and the underlying goodness of people all over the world. I have studied Spanish for five years, and have spent a summer in beautiful Mexico: it was a learning experience beyond compare. I threw myself into everything, from salsa to mole sauce. My seventy-year-old hostess, who lived, shopped and cooked independently, was also a devout Catholic and doting mother, and a revelation to me! I have come to acknowledge that there is no one, cast-iron, way to do the right thing. My travels in the Middle East, particularly in Egypt, brought home to me the sad fact that the gender bias, which is so alien to us Americans, is very much a part of the life of women in many parts of the world. As a woman of no religious affiliation, with uncovered head and independent attitude, I was dismayed and even intimidated, by the hostility I sometimes encountered.

Unemployment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Unemployment - Coursework Example Unemployment This denotes that comparisons may end up misleading and giving inaccurate count, as well as a count that does not mirror the actual count (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). This misrepresentation of data could be the reason why the Claimant count emerged with a 1 million count of unemployed persons less than what the ILO Count got (Turner 2012) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). The reason why the ILO Count was more than that of the Claimant count is because the ILO count measure takes into account all persons with no jobs unlike the Claimant count measure, which does not take into account persons who are unqualified for benefits (Turner 2012), (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). In other words, the Claimant Count measure does not include in their measures persons who have a significant other being paid beyond the benefits level for the family, students employed for part-time jobs, persons un der the age of eighteen and reluctant to go in for a youth-training centre as well as persons who have departed their profession voluntarily. The ILO count measure obtains the real actual count of unemployed persons because it collects the actual facts of unemployed persons. It gives the actual number of all unemployed persons who wish to get jobs but are not qualified for benefits unlike the Claimant count measure. Additionally, ILO count measure collects data that is current unlike Claimant count measure that depends on administrative records that may be out of date, incorrect and misrepresented (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006) as well as (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). ... Additionally, ILO count measure collects data that is current unlike Claimant count measure that depends on administrative records that may be out of date, incorrect and misrepresented (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006) as well as (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). However, the ILO count may not be able to cover all the necessary facts in its surveys during data collection because people may not provide accurate facts. For the two measures, namely; ILO count measure and Claimant count measure, ILO count measure is likely to be inaccurate because it relies on people to answer queries accurately and truthfully, which may not be the case (Turner 2012) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). People do not always tell the truth especially when it comes to personal information such as their employment status (Turner 2012) and (Department for Children, Schools and Families 2008). Likewise, the Claimant count measure is likely to be inaccu rate as well because it depends on administrative records to calculate its count for unemployed persons (Turner 2012) and (Office for National Statistics 2013). The reason why this may result in inaccurate number of unemployed persons is because most of these administrative records could be misrepresented, incorrect, falsified or altered over time, thereby giving inaccurate information at the of the day (Office for National Statistics 2013) and (Dustmann, Glitz & Vogel 2006). The fact that there are numerous vacancies, yet the rate of unemployment is still high in UK, can be explored with respect to available human skills, lack of knowhow, lack of fresh recruits to replace the retired ones as well as the forcing of young persons by their parents

Nutritional Company Herbalife Changing People Lives Marketing Essay

Nutritional Company Herbalife Changing People Lives Marketing Essay A Brief Introduction of Herbalife As founded by Mark Reynolds Hughes, 1980, Herbalife is a nutritional company which aids in the lifestyle and weight management of many people. Their main objective has always been focused on changing peoples lives by meeting the needs of every individual to provide them with a healthy lifestyle. Having been in the industry for 30 years, Herbalife has changed the lives of many people, of any age by providing nutritional and energy supplements and also personal care products, using all natural herbs and resources. Starting from the headquarters of Beverly Hills, California, Herbalife is busily expanding its operation internationally in 73 countries to continuously provide its service to people everyone in the world. With the help of Science on the 5 main focused areas which are research and development, quality assurance, manufacturing, clinical studies and lastly, establishing a Nutrition Advisory Board (NAB). Aside from the research, Herbalife has not only served the society but our planet Earth well, by their own Corporate Social Responsibility program which upholds a value of, We do the right, honest and ethical thing. With this value in their heart, Herbalife has also helped in saving Mother Earth in every way that they could. Promoting the 3Rs, they believe in taking personal responsibility and making their decisions by always thinking about the consequences in everything that they do. Not only caring for our planet, Herbalife has also been concerned for the needy of many children. Mark Hughes created a Herbalife Family Foundation  (HFF) that is dedicated to improve the lives of many children by providing them with the proper healthy nutrition. HFF has also shown continuous support in disaster reliefs over the years. Lastly, Herbalife has never failed to support their employees with a healthy and active lifestyle. By showering them with complimentary products and lowering their health insurance costs, Herbalife has always been keeping their employees at a pink of health. Looking Into The Past Providing and changing the lives of many for 30 years, Herbalife started off with a tragic story Mark Reynolds Hughes, the founder of Herbalife. At just eighteen years of age, Marks mother, Jo Ann Hughes died of an accidental overdose of prescription diet pills. Jo Ann Hughes was a part time model and actress in Los Angeles, who was obsessed in managing her weight and she spent many years in search for a convenient and effective weight loss method. However, in 1970s there were only a few methods and diet pills were the only alternative she could use. The diet pills had a lot of harmful effects on her such as making it difficult for her to sleep, so Jo Ann took plenty of sleeping pills at that time and unfortunately, she died of an overdose. The death of his mother had a great impact on Mark R. Hughes and since then, he dedicated his life to help people lose weight and to improve their health in the safest, most effective and healthiest methods possible. Despite being a school dropout, having no medical and finical background, and no finances to start his business, Mark began to take huge interest in health nutrition especially in Chinese medical herbs. He studied and travelled around China to discover more about the benefits of such herbs on the human body. With much efforts put into studying, testing and refining, Mark brought his first product of Formula 1 into many lives. This meal replacement product helps people lose weight by replacing 2 meals a day while still providing their body with all the nutrition that the cells requires. In February 1980, the 23 year old Mark finally launched Herbalife International in Los Angeles. His first customer of his product was his grandmother Mimi, who had lost about 9kg. Word of the mouth, people began taking more interest in his products and seeing the aftermath, his gain more and more customers and has raised the popularity of Herbalife. Improving, Expanding and Reaching Out In the Years The first launched of his product was a huge success as the sales for just the first month was US$23, 000. Continuous perseverance was paid and shown at the end of the year with a roaring sum of US$2million. With the tremendous success kept in mind, Mark became even more ambitious and had expanded Herbalife to even more countries. He had also established various programmes and created more products along the way. Decades of Herbalife Establishment, Contribution and Success A. In the First Decade (1980 1989) Herbalife managed to expand their business in about 8 countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and even in the United Kingdom. Many new products were also launched in the first decade for example the Formula 1 and 2 and some new hair and skin care products. B. In the Second Decade (1990 1999) With the success of the first decade, Herbalife continue to venture on reaching out to many countries as possible and to its success, Herbalife managed to open in about 40 countries. Hong Kong and Japan were the first Asian countries that had Herbalife. Again, new products were released and introduced, and it manages to launch their new line of colour cosmetics. In 1994, Mark Hughes created Herbalifes global charity organization, called the Herbalife Family Foundation (FFF). C. In the Third Decade (1990 1999) Establishing in another 24 countries, Herbalife never stops growing despite the death of their founder in year 2000. Herbalife opened in the Singapore in 2003. The HFF donates generously to the Katrina and tsunami disaster relief programs in 2005. The HFF has also reached out to many countries to help save many lives. Herbalife has also actively sponsors and contributes in the athletic world. Other products were also launched and Herbalife is proud to introduce their Formula 1 product for kids. Today, Herbalife has reached out to a total of 73 countries and has changed over a million lives. How does Herbalife change the lives of many Changing lives is difficult because mending the diets and keeping a balanced nutrition is a long and tedious process which requires time, patience, perseverance and a correct mind set. To accomplish all of the above, Herbalife always encourages a proper, balanced diet with a few nutritional guidelines and the adequate amount of exercise to live a better lifestyle. Herbalife has come up with some healthy guidelines for maintaining a good and proper nutrition: Staring the day with a healthy breakfast is important because it helps to provide you with energy that you require throughout the day. Recommendations: Formula 1 and Personalized Protein Powder would be the all-in-one healthy breakfast choice that includes all the nutrients required. Do not overeat during the day and unhealthy snacking is not advisable because it is not a good way to lose weight and provide your body with the nutrition. However, snacking in healthy methods such as fruits and vegetables would be good. Your body must be always hydrated by taking sufficient amount of fluids that it requires. Besides water, each individual should be aware of how much nutrients such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins are needed for themselves. Balancing these nutrients will ensure a healthy diet. Besides having a good and balanced nutrition, our body needs to stay fit and active. Herbalife encourages many to exercise regularly because exercising can help to increase metabolism rate, lower the risk of illnesses and diseases, builds up muscles and tone up the body. How does Herbalife business work? Not just having to be a customer, Herbalife has opened a distributor opportunity to everyone. As a Herbalife distributor, you get to change many lives and yet earn an income too. Millions of satisfied customers have joined Herbalife as a distributor and this has increased the popularity of Herbalife over the years. The role of a distributor is to promote and gain as many customers as possible with the correct mindset of promoting healthy lifestyle for everyone. A distributor must also provide a good experience for all customers by delivering the products in person, be courteous to potential customers and provide a great follow-up service by calling and ensuring that the customers are getting positive results with the products, and also to introduce them to new products. To ensure that the customer is satisfied, a distributor must also start by building a strong relationship. Showing a great and genuine interest in meeting the needs of the customers will make them trust them more. The USE, WEAR, TALK Principle The USE, WEAR, TALK is a principle which consists of three simple concepts which all distributors must know and follow. This principle helps many distributor s succeed in their Herbalife business. USE As a distributor, he or she must use the product every day and show positive results because then, their customers will trust them more. Seeing is believing, therefore the distributor have to take Before and After photos of themselves to show their customers that they did it. This will gain trust from their customers and they will want to follow their footsteps. WEAR Wearing refers to the Herbalife buttons and apparel which aids in the promoting and advertising of Herbalife. Buttons such as Lose Weigh Now, Ask Me How! will gain the attention of many and people will want to ask you about what the button meant. This will help distributors start off conversations much easier. TALK When the distributor finally got a customer, he or she needs to use resourceful and the right knowledge about the products, financial success stories and business opportunity to instruct their customer on how to use the Herbalife product efficiently. Lastly, by encouraging customers to be a part of Herbalife as a distributor would serve many benefits to both parties. The customer will gain discounts in all products and he or she is open to a business opportunity which in return, he or she can gain his or her own customers. He or she will also have an opportunity to travel with Herbalife around the world for trainings programmes and various Herbalife events. On the distributor side, if he or she has gain many customers and reached the specific targets, he or she gets even more discounts and profits. With that, he or she can be promoted to higher standards in the Herbalife business and gaining much more benefits. Swot Analysis of Herbalife Strength Weaknesses Opening to many more countries Increase Herbalifes entity with the increase of distributors Frequent road shows to promote Herbalife Lack of customers and their trust, Herbalifes business will suffer losses Competitors of similar companies Products may be banned in some countries due to the different requirements Opportunities Threats Herbalife allowing business opportunities will help many people earn an income More income and expanding business with health conscious society Being a health company, Herbalife can face threats like complains of products By bringing Herbalife to many other countries, the strength of this method could not only expand the business but also change many lives across the globe. With more people joining as distributors, the business will grow faster and more people will know about Herbalife. Lastly, promoting road shows is a strength because with every road show, Herbalife can gain more customers and spread the message across of healthy living to many people. Herbalife has opened their doors to many people for a business opportunity to earn an income for themselves. This job is done leisurely and thus people would not find it a chore to complete a certain task given to them. In todays society, many people demands for a good healthcare system. This gives a huge opportunity for Herbalife to sell its nutritious products faster since the demands keeps increasing. Similarly to many companies, once there is a loss of customers, the company will face a lesser profit at the end of the year. If this persists, the company would face a downfall or even bankruptcy. Since the demand for good healthcare is increasing, more and more companies will open for the same purpose which is to promote and sell their health products too. With such a competitive market, any company whos laid back and not up to date will definitely be on the losing end. Due to the different requirements in the different countries, some health products may be banned as the government agrees that it is not suitable to be sold. If the products do not meet the requirements that are proposed by the country, again Herbalife would lose another opportunity to sell their products. Being a health company, Herbalife can face threats like complaints of products. People who would have complained might have suffered some conditions or find the products inefficient and not working on them. This again will lead to a loss in business. Marketing Mix of Herbalife Product The main purpose of Herbalifes product is to help their customers lead a healthy lifestyle with the appropriate and sufficient nutrients needed for themselves. Not only just selling their nutritious products, Herbalife has also skin and hair care products too. Price Herbalife has a special pricelist for their distributors. As mentioned in the earlier part, when a distributor performs well and reaches the certain target, he or she is entitled to more discounts based on the category they are standing on. For example, Herbalifes main product would be the Formula 1 nutritional milkshake. A customer will purchase this at $77.22. However, if a distributor purchases the same product, he or she is entitled to a 25% discount and the cost of it would be $59.35. The percentage of discount will increase when the distributor is promoted to a higher level. Place Herbalifes Worldwide Corporate Headquarters is located in Los Angeles, USA. In Singapore, Herbalife International Singapore PTE. Ltd was located at Orchard Road. They moved earlier this year (2010) to TripleOne Somerset Road. Promotion Herbalife has always been keen to go public. Distributors are giving free body evaluations almost every day and free health talks once a month. As a normal customer, they can also stand a chance in having a higher percentage discounts when they buy in bulk. Herbalife has come up with a wholesale price scheme which allows their customers to have more discounts when they buy in large amounts. Comparing Herbalife and a Competitor, Cambridge Diet Cambridge Diet The Cambridge Diet is a diet plan developed by Dr. Alan Howard, a research scientist of Cambridge University in 1970. Dr. Alan together with Dr. McLean-Baird researched and created a weight plan that helps people lose weight by consuming their formulated products which contains all the nutrients required. The Cambridge Diet was a success as results proved that it was effective in helping many people to lose weight quickly. Herbalife The Cambridge Diet Serves the purpose of helping people lose and gain weight healthily Main purpose of helping people lose weight effectively only As of today, Herbalife has already been established in 73 countries, worldwide in just 30 years As of today, The Cambridge Diet Plan is sold in 31 countries worldwide in 40 years only. Does not only sells health products but other products like skin and hair care products, cosmetics Only sells health products like meal supplements such as porridges, healthy bars and shakes with a plan to follow for effective results Herbalife products cater for all age groups, from toddlers and kids to adults and elderly. The Cambridge Diet is suitable for people over the age of 16 Involves in many events and helps the world in various ways such as providing funds and help for disaster reliefs; for example establishing of the Herbalife Family Foundation Does not have a charitable organization, is focused mainly on helping people lose weight and live a healthy lifestyle. Why do I compare Herbalife with the Cambridge Diet? Both companies, Herbalife and The Cambridge Diet are similar healthcare companies that provide helps and ways to help people improve their weight problems with nutritional products. However, referring to the table above, both companies are quite different in various ways. The goal for the company may be quite similar however, Herbalife helps both people who are underweight to gain weight and overweight to lose weight. Unlike The Cambridge Diet which only helps people lose weight. Herbalife is more successful in selling their products and expanding their business over the world. This can be seen in the number of countries where their availability is found. Herbalife does not only focus on a certain age group and thus, it is well-rounded in providing for everyone needs. Lastly, Herbalife thinks for the society and is responsible and helpful in doing their part for Mother Earth. Opening a charitable organisation would already benefit and save many lives. To sum it up, Herbalife can be seen to be more successful and has achieved many goals over the years. It is more established and has thoughtful in providing the needs for people of all ages. The Final Climb to Success After the tragic death of Herbalifes founder, Mark Hughes, the company faced many struggles that caused damages to the companys reputation. Lawsuits after lawsuits were filed on Herbalife that caused the companys sales to decrease from $1,085.5 million in 2000, to $1,020.1 million in 2001. The decision was then made to sell the company. Herbalife was invested by private firms Whitney Co. and Golden Gate Capital in 2002. Michael O. Johnson, who was also the President of The Walt Disney Company for 17 years, became the CEO of Herbalife. Under the direction of Michael O. Johnson, Herbalifes sales began climbing steadily from $1,309.7 million in 2004, to $2,324.6 million in 2009. In 2007, Michael O. Johnson became the Chairman of Herbalife. With such a talented leader for Herbalife and the never dying spirit of Herbalife, the sales have grown to $2.7 billion today. Only with the help of Michael O. Johnson, Herbalife was able to get in the road of success once again. Conclusion Over 30 years, Herbalife has proved that failure is never a dead end and only with the countless number of tries, Herbalife is proud to be where it is now. Today, Herbalife has continuously been improving, researching and expanding their business worldwide. With the strong beliefs, values and missions, I believe Herbalife will prosper even further.

Booth Multiplier

Low Power Booth Multiplier by Effective Capacitance Minimization P. Nageshwar Reddy Dr. Damu Radhakrishnan Stu. in SUNY, New Paltz, NY Prof. in SUNY, New Paltz, NY Abstract: In this paper we present an energy efficient parallel multiplier design based on effective capacitance minimization. Only the partial product reduction stage in the multiplier is considered in our research. The effective capacitance is the product of capacitance and switching activity. Hence to minimize the effective capacitance in our design, we decided to ensure that the switching activity of nodes with higher capacitances is kept to a minimum.This is achieved in our design by wiring the higher switching activity signals to nodes with lower capacitance and vice versa for the 4:2 compressor and full adder cells, assuming the initial probability of each partial product bit as 0. 25. This reduced the overall switching capacitance, thereby reducing the total power consumption in the multiplier. Power analysis is do ne by synthesizing our design on Spartan-3E FPGA and used XPower Analyzer tool that is provided in ISE Xilinx 10. 1. The dynamic power for our 16? 16 multiplier was measured as 360. 4mW, and the total power 443. 31mW. This is 17. 4% less compared to the most recent design. Also we noticed that our design has the lowest power-delay product compared to the multiplier presented in the literature. Index Terms- Booth multiplier, Effective capacitance, 4:2 compressor. 1. Introduction A multiplier is the most frequently used fundamental arithmetic unit in various digital systems such as computers, process controllers and signal processors. Thus it has become a major source of power dissipation in these digital systems.With the exponential growth of portable systems that are operated on batteries, power reduction has become one of the primary design constraints in recent years. In the present era, each and every electronic device is implemented using CMOS technology. The three major sources of power dissipation in digital CMOS circuits are dynamic, short circuit and leakage [1]. Generally, power reduction techniques aim at minimizing all the above mentioned power dissipation sources but our emphasis is on dynamic power dissipation as it dominates other power dissipation sources in digitalCMOS circuits. The switching or dynamic power dissipation occurs due to the charging and discharging of capacitors at different nodes in a circuit [2]. The average dynamic power consumption of a digital circuit with N nodes is given by: where VDD is the supply voltage, Ci is the load capacitance at node i, fCLK is the clock frequency and ? i is the switching activity at node i. The product of switching activity and load capacitance at a node is called effective capacitance.Assuming only one logic change per clock cycle, the switching activity at a node i can be defined as the probability that the logic value at the node changes (0->1 or 1->0) between two consecutive clock cycles . For a given logic element, the switching activity at its output(s) can be computed using the probability of its inputs and is given by: where and denote the probability of occurrence of a ‘one’ and ‘zero’ at node i respectively. When Pi = 0. 5, the switching activity at a node is maximum and it decreases as it goes towards the two extreme values (i. e. both from 0. to 0 and 0. 5 to 1). The two main low power design strategies for dynamic power reduction are based on (i) supply voltage reduction and (ii) the effective capacitance minimization. The reduction of supply voltage is one of the most aggressive techniques because the power savings are significant due to the quadratic dependence on VDD. Although such reduction is usually very effective, it increases leakage current in the transistors and also decreases circuit speed. The minimization of effective switching capacitance involves reducing switching activity or node capacitance.The node capacitance de pends on the integration technology used. To reduce switching activity only requires a detailed analysis of signal transition probabilities, and implementation of various circuit level design techniques, such as logic synthesis optimization and balanced paths. It is independent of the technology used and is less expensive. Admiring the advantages of switching activity reduction, this paper focuses on switching activity reduction techniques in a multiplier. Digital Multiplication is done in three steps in a Booth coded multiplier.The first step is to generate all the partial products in parallel using Booth recoding. In the second step these partial products are reduced to 2 operands in several stages by applying Wallace/Dadda rules. These stages follow one after the other, feeding the output of one stage to the next. The final step is adding the two operands using a carry propagate adder to produce the final sum. Our main focus in this paper is the second step, partial product reduc tion. Fig. 1 shows the modified Dadda reduction tree for a 6? 6 unsigned multiplier, which uses full adders (FA) and half adders (HA) as basic elements.Stage 1 is the rearranged 6? 6 unsigned partial product array obtained using the partial product generator. At every partial product reduction(PPR) stage the number of bits with the same order (bits in a column) are grouped together and connected to adder cells following Dadda’s rules. Each column represents partial products of a certain magnitude. The sum output of a FA or HA at one stage will place a dot in the same column at the next stage and an output carry in the column to the left in the next stage (i. e. one order of magnitude higher). Fig. 1. Modified Dadda reduction tree for 6? unsigned multiplication The Wallace and Dadda designs use only FAs and HAs in the reduction stages, which form an irregular layout and increases wiring complexity. Wiring complexity is a measure of power. Since then Weinberger [3] has proposed a 4:2 compressor, the majority of the multiplier designs today make use of 4:2 compressors to increase the performance of the multiplier. They also contribute to power reduction as they decrease the wiring capacitance due to a more regular layout, contributing to fewer transitions in the partial product reduction tree. It also reduces hardware cost.The design of the 4:2 compressor got impoved in time, and modified design presented by Jiang et al. claimed improvements in both delay and power dissipation compared to earlier designs [4]. Several logic and circuit level optimizations are possible by using higher order compressors instead of simple FA cells for reducing the number of transitions in the partial product reduction stage. Because of this we used 4:2 compressors, FA (3:2 compressor) and HA cells in our partial product reduction stages. We reduced the switching activity by minimizing the effective capacitance at every node in the circuit.This stands as the main focus of this paper. This paper is organized as follows: related research in section 2 and 2. Related Research Many researchers have elucidated different low power multiplier architectures by using different techniques to reduce the total switching activity in a multiplier [ ]-[ ]. Ohban, et al. proposed a low power multiplier using the so called bypassing technique [5]. The main idea of their approach is to minimize the signal transitions while adding zero valued partial products. This is done by bypassing the adder stage whenever the multiplier bit is zero.Masayuki, et al. proposed an algorithm using operand decomposition technique [6]. They decomposed the multiplicand and the multiplier into 4 operands and using them they generated twice the number of partial products compared to the conventional multiplier. By doing this, they reduced the one probability of each partial product bit to 1/8 while it is 1/4 in the conventional multipliers. This in turn decreases the switching probability. Chen, et al. proposed a multiplier based on effective dynamic range of the input data [7].If the data with smaller effective dynamic range is Booth coded then the partial products have greater chances to be zero, which decreases the switching activities of partial products. Fujino, et al. proposed a multiply accumulate design using dynamic operand transformation technique in which current values of the input is compared with previous values [8]. If more than half of the bits in an operand change then it is dynamically transformed to its two’s complement in order to decrease the transition activity during multiplication. Chen, et al. roposed a low power multiplier, which uses spurious power suppression technique (SPST) equipped Booth encoder [9]. The SPST uses a detection logic circuit to detect whether the Booth encoder is calculating redundant computations which yield in Zero partial product and stops such PP generation process. To implement the basic principles used in all the ab ove mentioned multiplier architectures not only increase hardware intensity but also introduce delay in the operation. Also the extra circuitry employed to implement them consumes power.So our research interest is focused on techniques which decrease power without introducing any delay and additional hardware. Oskuii et al. proposed an algorithm based on static probabilities at the primary inputs [10]. At every PP reduction stage the number of bits with the same order of magnitude (bits in a column) are grouped together and connected to the adder cells in a Dadda tree. The selection of these bits and their grouping influences the overall switching activity of the multiplier. This was illustrated in Oskuii’s paper by referring to an early work, which is described below. Only one column per stage is considered here. As the generated carry bits from adders propagate from LSB towards MSB, optimization of columns is performed from LSB to MSB and from first stage to last stage. Thu s it can be ensured that the optimization of columns and stages that has already been performed will still be valid when later optimizations are being performed. * Glitches and spurious transitions spread in the reduction stage after a few layers of combinational logic. To avoid them is not feasible in most cases. Therefore it seems beneficial to assign short paths to partial products having high switching activity.Oskuii’s goal was to reduce the power in Dadda trees. The one probability for sum and carry of the FA and HA can be calculated from their functional behavior [10]. According to Oskuii’s algorithm, assuming the switching probabilities of partial products in a particular stage are calculated using the previous stage one probabilities and in each column and they arranged these partial product bits in ascending order. They first use the lower switching probability bits to feed full and half adders and transfer the higher switching probability bits to the next st age.From the set of bits to feed adders they tried to feed the highest switching probability signal to the carry input of the full adder as its path in full- adder is shorter than the other two inputs. Fig. 2. Example to illustrate Oskuii’s approach [10] Fig. 2 gives an example where 7 bits with the same order of magnitude are to be added. This is shown as the shaded box in the 2nd group of bits from top in Fig. 2. According to Dadda rules of reducing a partial product tree, 2 FAs must be used and one bit will be passed to the next stage together with the sum and carry bits generated by the full adders. s for i varying from 1 to 7 represent the switching probabilities of the seven bits. These are sorted in ascending order and listed as ? i* with the highest one as ? 1*. According to their approach, the bit with highest switching activity is kept for the next stage i. e. in Fig. 3. 2, and assign and to the carry inputs of the two FAs as their path is shorter and the other bits to the remaining inputs of FAs in any order. In this way they reduced the partial product tree by bringing the highest transition probability bits more closer to the output such that it reduces the total power in the multiplier without any extra hardware cost.Oskuii claimed that power reduction varying from 4% to 17% in multiplier designs could be achieved using their approach. On careful analysis of Oskuii’s work we notice that further reduction in power can be achieved. This is elaborated in our design presented in the next section. 3. Proposed Work By using a partial product generator (PPG) for the n? n multiplier employing radix-4 Booth encoder we obtained the required partial products. These partial products are then reduced to 2 operands employing several partial product reduction (PPR) stages. We used a combination of 4:2 compressors, FAs and HAs in reduction stages.At each stage modified Dadda rules are applied to obtain operands for the next stage. While minimizing the partial product bits in each column using 4:2/3:2 compressors and HA cells, emphasis was given on higher speed and lower power. Higher speed is achieved by allowing the partial product bits to pass through a minimum number of reduction stages, while minimizing the final carry propagate adder length to the minimum. Fig. 3. Proposed PPG scheme for a 16? 16 multiplier Fig. 3 shows the proposed partial product reduction scheme for a 16? 16 parallel multiplier.Nine partial products obtained by PPG are reduced to 2 operands using 3 reduction stages. The vertical green boxes in each column represent 4:2 compressors. It takes five bits and reduces them into 3 output bits, one sum bit in the same column position and two carry bits in the next higher significant column (one bit left) of next stage. The vertical red boxes represent full adder cells, which reduce three partial product bits in a column and generate the sum and carry bits. Similarly, the vertical blue boxes represent half add ers and add two partial product bits to reduce it to 2 output bits.The order in which the inputs are fed to 4:2 compressor, full and half adders is discussed in the next section. In Fig. 3 the maximum number of partial products in a column is 8 (columns 14 to 17). Since we are using 4:2 compressors that can take up to 5 input bits, to reduce the partial products in the first stage, we want to make sure that the maximum number of partial products in the next stage is only 5. This way we can reduce the bits in each column in stage 2 using one level of 4:2 compressors. And in the third stage, we want to ensure that the maximum number of bits in any column is only 3, so that full adders can be used to add them.This will permit the whole reduction process to be achieved in 3 stages. The half adder in column 2 in reduction stage 1 and the full adder in column 3 in reduction stage 2 are used so as to minimize the size of the final carry propagate adder. 4. Power Reduction Once the minimum number of reduction stages is established for a design, the next criterion is to minimize power consumption. This is achieved by delay passing and reducing the effective capacitance at every node in the reduction stages also following Oskuii’s rules (discussed in Section 2).To minimize the effective switching activity, the design must ensure that the switching activity of nodes with higher capacitance value must be kept to a minimum. This is achieved by a special interconnection pattern used in our design. The higher switching activity signals are wired to nodes with lower capacitance and vice versa. Our multiplier design uses the above idea to minimize power. This paper therefore focuses on selective interconnection of signals to the inputs of 4:2 compressors and FAs and HAs using the above concept.The logic diagram and the input capacitances for a full adder are shown in Fig. 4(a). For the following we will assume that each and every input lead to a logic gate is considered as one unit load (C1). Hence if a signal is connected to the inputs of two logic gates, then the load is two units (C2). From the logic diagram of the full adder in Fig. 4(a), input B is connected only to an XOR gate, where as inputs A and C are connected to both an XOR and a Mux. Hence, the input capacitance of the B-input is smaller than the other two inputs.The load presented by the B input is one unit load, while the loads presented by A and C are 2 unit loads. Hence a transition on input B will result in less effective capacitance. This is represented by the capacitance values C1 (1 unit load) and C2 (2 unit loads) as shown in Fig. 4. 9. Again by comparing the three inputs, the C input goes through only one logic device (XOR gate or Mux) before it reaches the output, where as both A and B goes through two logic devices before reaching the output. Hence, a transition on any of the inputs A or B could result in output transitions on all the three logic devices.But a transition o n input C will affect only two of these logic devices. Therefore we can conclude that even though the inputs A and C represent the same load, the overall switching effect on the full adder due to C input will be less than that due to A input. Hence, as a rule of thumb, the first two higher transition inputs among a set of three inputs that are given to a full adder should be connected to the B and C inputs and the last one to A. (a) (b) Fig. 4. a) FA logic diagram and input capacitances (b) 4:2 compressor logic diagram and input capacitances Similarly, the logic diagram of a 4:2 compressor and its input capacitances are shown in Fig. 4. (b). The input capacitances presented by X1, X3, X4 and Cin are twice that presented by X2. Hence, the highest transition probability signal must be connected to the X2 input. Again by using a similar argument as in the full adder, the second highest transition probability signal must be given to the Cin. The remaining inputs are given to X1, X3 and X4 in any order. This minimizes the overall effective capacitance in a 4:2 compressor.The probability of a logic one at the output of any block is a function of the probability of a logic one at its inputs [11] [12]. From the logic functions of 4:2 compressor, FA and HA we can calculate their output probabilities knowing their input probabilities. Table 2: Probability equations for 4:2 Compressor | 4:2 Compressor| PSUM| | PCout| | PC0| | Table 1 shows the probability expression for the sum and carry outputs for the full adder and half adder in terms of their input signal probabilities. The 4:2 compressor output probabilities are shown in Table 2. By comparingTables 1 and 2 we can say that the statistical probabilities of the output signals of basic elements (4:2 compressors, full adders and half adders) used in partial product reduction stages vary. Table 3 shows the output signal probabilities of 4:2 compressor, full adder and half adder, assuming equal ‘1’ probabiliti es of 0. 25 for all inputs. In each partial product reduction stage the signals in a particular column have different switching probabilities. The output signals of one stage become inputs to the next stage. So the switching probabilities of the outputs diverge more as we move down the partial production reduction stages.Table 3. 1: Output Signal Probabilities of FAs and HAs | Full-adder| Half adder| SUM| | | CARRY| | A. B| PSUM| | | PCARRY| | | Table 3: Output probabilities of 4:2 compressor and adder cells Input signal probabilities = 0. 25| 4:2 compressor| Full adder| Half adder| SumCoutC0| 0. 48440. 15630. 2266| SumCarry| 0. 43750. 1563| SumCarry| 0. 3750. 0625| Several reduction stages are required to reduce the partial products generated in a parallel multiplier. As shown in Fig. 3, at each stage a number of bits with the same order of magnitude are grouped together and connected to the 4:2 compressors and adder cells.The selection of these bits and their grouping influences t he overall switching activity of the multiplier. This is what we will exploit to reduce the overall switching activity of the multiplier. Fig. 5 shows the array structure of the proposed partial product reduction scheme for a 16? 16 multiplier. In the following we assumed that the one probability of all the 9 partial product bits are same and is equal to 0. 25 (as discussed in Section 3. 26). These 9 partial product bits are fed to 4:2 compressors, full and half adders and are reduced to 5 operands. The bits in these 5 operands will have different one probabilities.From these one probabilities we can calculate their switching probability. If we look at each column all the bits in that column have the same weight but different one probability. So we have enough freedom to choose any of these signals which can be connected to any of the inputs of the basic elements. The way these signals are wired to basic elements to achieve reduction will affect the total power consumption in a mult iplier. Show an example Fig 5 shows how we wired the input signals to 4:2 compressors and full adders in the proposed design. To illustrate the principle consider column 16 of reduction stage 2 in Fig. , where we have five bits with the same order of magnitude, which are to be wired to the inputs of a 4:2 compressor. The first higher transition bit is fed to X2 input and next higher transition bit is fed to Cin, as they provide lower switching activity when compared to others. The remaining three bits can be fed to X1, X3 and X4 in any order. Similarly on column 11 in reduction stage 3, three bits of the same order are to be added. The highest transition bit is given to B input of the adder and the next higher transition bit is fed to C input. The third bit is fed to A input.This way of feeding the inputs, we can decrease the output switching probabilities of compressors and adders. By applying the same technique to every stage we can reduce the overall switching capacitance of the multiplier, thereby reducing power. Fig. 5. Wiring patterns for 4:2 compressors and full adders 5. Simulation Power analysis was done by synthesizing our 16? 16 multiplier design on Spartan-3E FPGA and using XPower Analyzer tool provided in ISE Xilinx 10. 1. We evaluated the performance of our 16? 16 multiplier by comparing with the conventional Wallace and Oskuii’s multipliers.Table 4 shows the quiescent and dynamic powers of different multipliers obtained by simulation. The quiescent power is almost the same for all multipliers. The dynamic power for our design is only 360. 74 mW, where as Oskuii’s and Wallace multipliers consume 454. 06mW and 475. 08 mW respectively. Hence the total power consumption is only 443. 31mW for our multiplier, which is less by 17. 39% and 20. 51%, compared to Oskuii’s and Wallace multipliers. Table 4: Power reports from simulation for a 16? 16 Multiplier Design| QuiescentPower (mW)| DynamicPower (mW)| TotalPower (mW)| Our Design| 8 2. 7| 360. 74| 443. 31| Oskuii’s Design| 82. 57| 454. 06| 536. 63| WallaceMultiplier| 82. 67| 475. 08| 557. 75| Table 5 Power-Delay products of 16? 16 multipliers Design| Total Delay (ns)| Power (mW)| Power-Delay Product| Our Design| 30. 889| 443. 31| 13. 693*10-9| Oskuii’s Design| 31. 219| 536. 63| 16. 753*10-9| WallaceMultiplier| 35. 278| 557. 05| 19. 651*10-9| Table 5 shows the power-delay products of different multipliers. Smaller the power delay product of a multiplier the higher is its performance. Our design has the shortest delay of 30. 889ns, compared to 31. 219ns and 35. 78ns for Oskuii’s design and Wallace’s design respectively. Hence our design has the lowest power-delay product compared to both Oskuii’s and Wallace multipliers. 6. Conclusions We have presented an investigation of multiplier power dissipation, along with some techniques which allow reductions in power consumption for this circuit. Given the importance of multipliers, it is essential that further research efforts are to be directed in the following ways. * In this thesis the switching activity criteria for the interconnection pattern in 4:2 compressors was used only for two of the inputs of the 4:2 compressor.The interconnections of signals on the other three inputs are made without any importance given to their switching activity. This is because at the gate level, the load capacitance at a node is measured simply based on the number of connections made at that node. In the 4:2 compressor, three of the inputs are feeding two inputs each (except the carry input). Hence, we consider them with the same load capacitance. In reality, this is not true. To get an accurate estimate on capacitance, an actual layout of the cell has to be made using VLSI layout tools and then their capacitances are to be extracted.Hence further research could focus on the above so as to find an ordering for these inputs based on their capacitance values. Also, different impl ementations of 4:2 compressors may be compared so as to select the one with the lowest capacitance values. * Extending the proposed interconnection technique to the partial product reduction stage by employing higher order compressors such as 5:2, 9:2, 28:2, etc. In this manner, different architectures using various combinations of compressors in the partial product reduction stage can be compared so as to select the best one with the lowest power dissipation for any multiplier.References 1] D. Soudris, C. Piguet, and C. Goutiset , Designing CMOS Circuits for Low Power. Kluwer Academic Press, 2002. [2] L. Benini, G. D. Micheli, et al. , Dynamic Power Management Design Techniques & CAD Tools. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. [3] A. Weinberger, â€Å"4:2 Carry Save Adder Module,† IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 23, 1981. [4] S. F. Hsiao, M. R. Jiang, and J. S. Yeh, â€Å"Design of High-Speed Low-Power 3-2 Counter and 4-2 Compressor for Fast Multipliers,â €  Electronics Let. , vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 341-342, 1998. [5] J. Ohban, â€Å"Multiplier Energy Reduction Through Bypassing of Partial Products† in Proc. Asia-Pacific Conf. on Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, pp. 13–17, 2002. [6] M. Ito, D. Chinnery, and K. Keutzer, â€Å"Low Power Multiplication Algorithm for Switching Activity Reduction Through Operand Decomposition,† 21st Int. Conf. on Computer Design, 2003. [7] O. T. Chen, S. Wang, and Yi-Wen Wu, â€Å"Minimization of Switching Activities of Partial Products for Designing Low-Power Multipliers,† IEEE Trans. on VLSI Syst. , vol. 11, pp. 418 – 433, 2003. [8] M. Fujino, and V. G. Moshnyaga, â€Å"Dynamic Operand Transformation for Low-Power Multiplier-Accumulator Design,† in Proc. of the Int. symp. n circuits and systems, 2003. [9] K. H. Chen and Y. S. Chu, â€Å"A Low Power Multiplier with Spurious Power Suppression Technique,† IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst. , vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 846-850, 20 07. [10] S. T. Oskuii, â€Å"Transition-Activity Aware Design of Reduction-Stages for Parallel Multipliers,† in Proc. of Great Lakes Symp. on VLSI, 2007. [11] K. Parker and E. J. McCluskey, â€Å"Probabilistic Treatment of General Combinational Networks,† IEEE Trans. on Computers, C-24: 668-670, June 1975. [12] M. Cirit, â€Å"Estimating Dynamic Power Consumption of CMOS Circuits† in Proc. of ICCAD, pp. 534–537, 1987.